Turku, Library of Åbo Akademi, D 71/163 + Helsinki, Finnish Literature Society (SKS), Literary Archives, Historica I, <hi rend="italic">Kyriale</hi>-fragment<hi rend="italic">. Graduale Tammelense</hi> Cataloguer Jesse Keskiaho Finnish Literature Society (SKS) Codices Fennici Creative Commons BY 4.0 Turku Library of Åbo Akademi D 71/163 Helsinki Finnish Literature Society (SKS) Literary Archives Historica I, Kyriale-fragment Graduale Tammelense I: saec. XV 4/4 – XVI1; II: XVI 2/3; both parts, diocese of Turku A medieval gradual for the diocese of Turku (pt. I), to which a Lutheran gradual (pt. II) has been added. (A low-quality digital facsimile: http://bibbild.abo.fi/Tammela/graduale/index.htm.)

Fol. 1, front flyleaf, verso blank, recto inscribed in a hand of saec. XIX (see below, under Provenance).

I: fols. 3–4, 13–15, 17–146. The sanctorale part of the manuscript is heavily selective, beginning, as is usual, in late November (the feast of St Andrew), but apparently skipping January, including only Purificatio Mariae from February, skipping March, including only the Feast of St Mark from April, skipping May and the beginning of June but including, from St John the Baptist onwards, the duplex feasts up to Visitatio Mariae, then skipping the rest of July, and from August including only St Lawrence and from September only Michael the Archangel and skipping October completely; including most of the duplex feasts of November, and then appending Nativitas Mariae (8 September), St Henry’s translatio (18 June, making it virtually certain we are dealing with a book copied for use in the diocese of Turku) and Corpus Christi (from the temporale series, the Thursday after Trinity Sunday). The index, rubrics, and marginalia in the de sanctis-part (for the marginalia see e.g. fol. 95r–v) suggests that these omissions were to be compensated for by fetching the individual chants of the missing offices from the proper and common offices included, as is also suggested by the rather sizeable commune-part.

Fols. 3r–4v, index to the proprium de sanctis, with directions for locating the chants common to several Feasts.

[3r] Jn die b. andree Officium K iiij ... [4v] ... Philippi et Jacobi Officium ... tempore vo.

Fols. 13r–15v, 17r–25v, gloria-melodies, and proprium de tempore from first Advent to Epiphany.

[13r] Gloria patri et filio ... [13v] secula seculorum amen. [14r] Dominica in aduentu Domini officium. Ad te leuaui animam meam ... [25r] In epiphania domini officium. Ecce aduenit dominator dominus ... [25v] ... Reges tharsis et insule ... omnes reges terre.

Fols. 26r–87v, <hi rend="italic">proprium de tempore</hi>, from the second Sunday after Epiphany to the 23rd Sunday after Trinity.

[26r] de interitum eorum. Versus. Confiteantur domino misericordie ... [86v] ... Dominica xxiii officium ... Dicit dominus ego cogito ... [87v] Amen dico uobis ... et fiet uobis.

Fols. 87v–88v, office for the dedication of a church or an altar.

[87v] In dedicacione Ecclesie Vel altaris Officium Misse. Terribilis est locus iste ... [88v] ... et pulsanti aperietur. Alleluya, alleluia, Alleluya.

Fols. 88v–99v, <hi rend="italic">proprium de sanctis</hi>, the Feasts of Sts Andrew, Stephen, John the Evangelist, Thomas the Apostle(?), Purificatio Mariae, Sts Mark the Evangelist, John the Baptist , Peter, Paul, Visitatio Mariae, Sts Lawrence, Michael the Archangel, All Saints, the four crowned martyrs, Sts Martin, Catherine, Nativitas Mariae, St Henry, Corpus Christi.

[88v] In die beati Andree apostoli ... versus Dilexit Andream dominus ... secuti sunt dominum. Sanctae Nicolai Officium ... Et enim sederunt ... [89v] ... nesciunt quid faciunt. In die beati [j]ohannis ewangeliste [o]fficium ... Exiit sermo inter fratres ... [90r] ... quia non sunt. [90v] V (followed by two lines of notation but no text, then:) Thome episcopi et martyris ... Qui seminant in lacrimis ... [91r] ... manet in seculum seculi. Jn purificacione sancte mariae ... Suscepimus deus misericordiam ... [92v] ... nomen eius emanuel. [93r] Sancti marci euangeliste officium. Protexisti me deus ... fert fructum multum alleluia. Jn festo sancti iohannis baptiste officium. De uentre matris me ... [93v] ... parare vias eius. [94r] In festo sancti petri apostoli officium. Nunc scio vere qui ... edificabo ecclesiam meam. In comme[mo]racione pauli o[fficium] Scio cui credidi ... [94v] ... digne est glorificandus. In festo visitacionis beate Marie uirginis Officium. Gaudeamus omnes in domino ... [95r] ... elizabetus humiliter visitare. Feria quinta Jn die beati laurencij Officium misse Confessio et pulchritudo ... [95v] ... et minister meus erit. Sancti Michaelis Archangeli Officium Misse. Benedicite dominus omnes angeli ... [96v] ... exaltate eum in secula. In Die omnium sanctorum Officium. Gaudeamus sub honore ... . rectos decet collaudatio. Gloria. Commemoratione omnium sanctorum responsorium. Requiem eternam dona ... [97r] ... eterne beatitudine perfrui. Pro presenti defuncto et quando pro aliquid specialiter bratur celebratur. Si ambulem in ... [98r] ... quia pius es. Sanctorum iiij coronatorum officium ... versus Dic martinus pauper ... ympnis celestibus honoratur. Alleluya. ... Sancte catherine virginis ... In nativitate beate marie virginis [98v] versus Natiuitas gloriose virginis ... .regnat in eternum. (In another hand:) Gaudeamus omnes in domino ... [99r] ... iubilate deo iacob [99v] O (followed by three lines of notation without text, then:) Alleluya. Caro mea vere est cibus ... in meam commemorationem.

Fols. 100r–122v, commune sanctorum (completed by a later hand in 1546).

[100r] Sanctis apostolis in genere officium (in a later hand) Michi autem nimis honorati sunt ... [104r] super eum, Gloria. Jn communi unius martyris Officium. Letabitur iustus in domino ... [108v] ... crucem suam et sequatur me. Jn commune plurimorum martyrum Officium. Intret in conspectu tuo ... [122v] ... omnem uiam iniquitatis odio (in another hand) habui. Quinque prudentes virgines ... obiuiam Christo domino etc. a d 1546.

Fols. 123r–129r, kyriale (unfinished)

[123r] K (followed by three lines of notation and initials without text, then:) Gloria in excelsis ... [129r] ... dona nobis pacem. K (followed by a line with initials and a part of the notation; fol. 129v has bare staves only).

Fols. 130r–146v, <hi rend="italic" >sequentiarium</hi>.

[130r] Alleluia. Jn die resurrectionis mee ... vos in galileam. A (followed by eight lines of notation and initials but without text) [130v] Salue sancta parens ... Post partum virgo inuiolata ... Benedicta et venerabilis es ... Virgo dei genitrix ... In sole posuit tabernaculum ... [131r] ... Recordare virgo mater ... Ave regina celorum ... [131v] In natiuitate domini ... purificatione marie sequentia. Letabundus exulted fidelis chorus ... [D]e pasche [seque]ntia et ... sequentibus. Victime paschali laudes ... [132r] ... Virginis Marie laudes ... [132v] ... [De a]scensione [s]equentia. Omnes gentes plaudite ... [133r] ... Rex omnipotens die hodierna ... [134r] ... Jn die [pente]costes. Sancti spiritus assit ... [1345r] Sequentia de sancto Georgo (in a later hand) Georgio. Singularis Gregorius ... [135v] ... Euan[gelis]tis sequen[ti]a, Jocundare plebs fidelis ... [136v] ... [Sequ]entia de [sanct]e crucis. Veneremur crucis signum ... [137r] ... Sequentia de sancto amb[rosio.] Ave gemma presulum ... [138r] ... De com[passi]one Glo[riosi] virgin[is ma]rie. Stabat iuxta Christi crucem ... [138v] ... [S]equentia [de sa]ncto eri[co] Gratulemur dulci prosa ... [139v] ... [De co]rpore [Christ]i sequen[tia] Lauda syon saluatorem ... [141r] ... De Sancto eskillo Sequ[entia]. Hac in die gloriemur ... [141v] ... [De de]dicatione [eccle]siae sequen[tia] (in a later hand) Rex salomon fecit templum ... [142r] ... Sequentia de Sancto henrico. Cetus noster letus esto ... [142v] ... [Sequ]entia de [sanct]o Joha[nnis] baptista[e.] Precursorem summi regis ... [143v] ... [De sa]ncto [Petro?] sequentia. Jubar mundo geminatur ... [144r] ... Sequ[entia de] visit[atione] beate m[arie] virg[inis] Lauda sponsa genitricem ... [145r] ... Dominica patronorum regni [Svecie] Extultauit angelorum chori ... [146r] ... Sequ[entia de] sancto [laurentio]. Stola iocunditatis alleluia ... [146v] ... in ecclesia decantando Alleluija.

II: fols. 2, 5–12 and 16.

Fol. 2, notation and initials without text

Fols. 5r–9v: Fragment of a Lutheran <hi rend="italic">graduale</hi>, with the Minä uscon ydhen Jumalan (the Nicaean Creed in Finnish, see Kurvinen 1929, 215–216), Terue Jesu laupiudhen kuningas (Salve regina misericordiae in Finnish, translated after the Lutheran German version Getröstet sys tu, Jesu, eynn König der barmherticheit; first found in Mathias Westh’s Codex; Kurvinen 1929, 251–252), Sinä Christe seuracunnan pää (Virgo mater ecclesiae in Finnish, a Lutheran translation first found in Mathias Westh’s Codex; Kurvinen 1929, 252–253), Inhimisen wiheliäsyydest (Aff menniskiones arma wsellhet in Finnish, first found in Mathias Westh’s Codex; Kurvinen 1929, 240), Mö uscom ychdhen Jumalan päälle (the Nicaean Creed [stated to be Athanasian in a scribal titulus] in Finnish, in a version of the translation found in Mathias Westh’s Codex?, imperf.; see Kurvinen 1929, 254).

[5r] Minä uscon ydhen Jumalan ... [6r] ... ja tuleuaisen mailman elämet. Amen. Finis. [6v] Loco officii Missae vel pro graduali interdum secundum occasionem temporis.Terue Jesu laupiudhen kuningas ... Sinä Christe [7r] seuracunnan pää ... [7v] ... De creatione hominis, lapsu et restauratione eiusdem per christum. Inhimisen wihleitzyeste tule meidhen caicein ... [9v] ... pyhen hengen cansa, amen. Symbolum fidei iuxta Athanasium. Mö uscom ychdhen Jummala päle, Jsen caickiualdian ... pyhä hengen cautta Ja meiss että |

Fols. 16v, 12r–v, 10r–v, 11r–v, <hi rend="italic">kyriale</hi> in Finnish, imperf. in the middle. (What is now Helsinki, Finnish Literature Society, Literary Archives, Historica I, Kyriale-fragment probably belongs between fols. 10 and 11.)

[16v] De summis festis. Herra armadha meidhen pellen ... De Semiduplicibus cantus. Herra armada ... armadha meidhen pellen. [12r] Herra armadha meidhen ... [12v] ... Sanctus. Pyhae pyhae pyhae herra Juma- [10r] la zebaoth teudet ouat ... O Jumalan caritza ... [10v] ... Sanctus de duplicibus festis. Pyhae pyhae pyhae ... caritza joca poisotat [mailman synnit anna meille rauha] (the last line of the folio has been cut out) [Kyriale-fragment, (1)r] ia hyuestisiugnaus. Kijttäken ia cunnioittacam herra ... De Sancto Spiritu. Herra armadha meidhen ... [Kyriale-fragment, (2)r] ... isen iumalan herraudhes. Amen. Sanct[us]. Pyhä, pyhe, pyhe herra ... [(2)v] ... O Jumalan caritza ... Kitäkem ia cunnioittacam ... kitos ia cunnia. [11r] Tua est Potentia etc. O Herra Jumala sinun ... De tempore paschali Kyrie. Herra armada meidhen ... [11v] ... isen Jumalan herraudhes. AMEN. Sanctus et agnus Dei, De Sancto Spiritu \require/ Supra.

Fol. 16r has notation and initials but lacks text.

 Paper 147 + 2 folios. 19 28 Text area varies: fols. 13r–15v, 17r–122v: 15 × 22–24; fols. 123r–146v: 14 × 23–24; probably due to trimming, the written area of pt II almost equals the size of the page Modern foliation in pencil in the upper right-hand corners of recto sides, begins with the modern flyleaf as fol. 1. 1 + 1 + I4 + (IV+2)12 + (VII–1)25 + 2IX60 + (VII–1)73 + XIII99 + VI111 + (VI–1)122 + VII136 + (VI – 2)146 + 1147. (Due to the fragility and poor condition of the binding, this structural analysis ought to be treated with caution. The quires containing fols. 5–12 and fols. 13–25 are probably reconstructed, as fol. 12 should precede fol. 10, as also fol. 16 quite probably fol. 12.) Two detached leaves, now Helsinki, Finnish Literature Society (SKS), Literary Archives, Historica I, Kyriale-fragment, seem to belong between fols. 10 and 11. Pt I has quire foliation, with quires A–J extant (and K i-ii). Fols. 13–15 are the three folia missing at the beginning of quire A (fols. 17–27), while fol. 70 is an addition, by the original scribe, to the six bifolia of quire E (fols. 60–72; the text continues seamlessly over the quire, while the foliation skips fol. 70).

The paper is very frail and torn in many places, and there is mild staining and some water damage, especially to the outer edges of folia. The leaves have been trimmed, probably on the occasion of the last rebinding, rendering several rubrics and marginal annotations partly illegible.

Andrén (1952, 190 n. 16) notes that the watermarks of the older part of the volume indicate that the paper was made at the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century, while in the latter part the paper appears to have been made in the 1530s and 1540s.

The watermark on the bifolium kept at the Finnish Literary Society (a glove with a frilled cuff and a crown, c. 52 mm high and 20 mm wide) is very close (but not identical) to two watermarks from Stettin, both dated 1566 (Piccard online no. 154768 (); and no. 154825 ()).

 Text and notation in one column of seven to ten lines, ruled in ink.

I: Hybrida and Gothic Cursiva (the latter esp. for rubrics in the sanctorale) in several hands of saec. XV 4/4 – XVI1; II: Gothic cursive of saec. XVI 2/3.

 I: Decadent square notation on four (black) lines; II: decadent square notation on four (black) lines and mensural notation on five (black) lines (fol. 9v).

I: There are two or three different sizes of pen-drawn initials touched with colour or, more frequently, red and green, in alternate openings; pen-drawn lombards for the openings of Feasts. Rubrics in red ink. However, the decoration is unfinished, with colour missing in places (fols. 30v–60r), or with the rubrication executed only in part and finished instead in cursive in black ink (fols. 22r, 63r, 63v, 66r, 66v, 76v, 80r, 81v, 82r, 83r, 84r, 88v–92v, 93r–94r, 95r, 96v, 98r–v, 99v–129r). The sequentiary on fols. 130r–146r is also left completely uncoloured.

II: Pen-drawn monochromatic initials, Gothic versals (fols. 2 and 16r) and stylized lombards; rubrics not distinguished with colour.

A nineteenth-century quarter leather binding in light brown leather and cardboard with raised bands. The spine carries the erroneous title blocked in gold, ‘Mäss*bok’.

Insofar as Helsinki, Finnish Literature Society, Literary Archives, Historica, Kyriale-fragment belongs in pt II of the present manuscript, it is clear that the part in question was originally a collection of unbound leaves (as the Helsinki fragment has never been bound), either kept with pt I before binding or separately.

A gradual copied at the end of the fifteenth or the beginning of the sixteenth century, perhaps from a faulty exemplar, and added to in the first half of the sixteenth century. A Lutheran gradual was added to the book around the middle of the sixteenth century. The book was used in Tammela and probably also copied there.

On fol. 1r: ‘(?) Messa etc. (Fennonice) Stockholm 1549. Rev. (Tit. deest). (Impr. Catalogus librorum impressorum Bibliothecae Regiae Academiae Upsaliensis. Upsaliae MDCCCXIV. 62. pag. 344.)’, and ‘(Graduale Tammelense) (Schalin)’.

There appears to be no evidence linking curate Peder Kurck to the introduction of this book to Tammela, albeit he is known to have donated a copy of Missale Aboense (B. Ghotan 1488; now Helsinki, National Library, Rv. Käsik. 2a MA 1488, the exemplar of Tammela) to his parish in 1512, (pace http://bibbild.abo.fi/Tammela/graduale/index.htm).

The curate of Tammela, Nils Magnus Tolpo, took the book to Turku in 1826 in response to the cathedral chapter’s request for the older books of parishes to be sent for inspection. The book was returned to Tammela but appears to have been deposited by Tolpo in the library of the Turku Swedish Lyceum in 1834 (Schalin 1946, 5–6, 10, 15; Schybergson 1939, 10, 17). That library was transferred to Åbo Akademi, after the institute’s foundation in 1918.

On the front pastedown a pasted label inscribed ‘GYMNASIUM I Åbo tillhörig’, and in pencil, ‘17 Graduale Tammelense’ and ‘D 71/163’.

 Olav D. Schalin, Kulthistoriska studier till belysande av reformationens genomförande i Finland, vol. 1, Herlsingfors 1946, 10–11. Ilkka Taitto, Documenta Gregoriana. Latinalaisen kirkkolaulun lähteitä Suomessa, Helsinki 1992, 399–412. Åke Andrén, Nattvardsberedelsen i reformationstidens Svenska kyrkoliv. Skriftemål och fasta (Samlingar och studier till Svenska kyrkans historia, vol. 27), Stockholm 1952. Encoding added