Turku, Provincial Archives of Turku, Turku Archdiocese Cathedral Chapter, Gummerus-collection, I:3. <hi rend="italic">Liber Cappelle Charis Loyo</hi> Cataloguer Jesse Keskiaho Finnish Literature Society (SKS) Codices Fennici Creative Commons BY 4.0 Turku Provincial Archives of Turku Turku Archdiocese Cathedral Chapter Gummerus-collection, I:3 Liber Cappelle Charis Loyo Saec. XV 2/3 (before 1467), diocese of Turku (Karjalohja) <hi rend="italic">Antiphonarium</hi> for the diocese of Turku

The antiphonary largely follows the use of Turku. There are some puzzling diversions from calendric order, most strikingly the placing of the responsories for Holy Week (fols. 46r–55r) after those for Easter (fols. 39v–44r).

Different parts of the text appear to have been copied from distinct sources, most notably the already mentioned responsories for Holy Week, which refer to ‘brothers’ (fratres) alternating with the ‘choir’ (chorus). Such references do not occur elsewhere in the text. The exemplar used for the bulk of the sanctoral cycle seems to have been old enough to lack the office of St Birgitta (canonized in 1391), which has been added towards the back of the present book. Of other Scandinavian saints, Henry (fols. 27v–32r), Erik (fols. 55v–58v), and Olav (fols. 84v–88v) are included. A notable feature is an antiphon for St Tiburtius (fol. 91v), who was not normally remembered in the diocesan liturgy (Taitto 1992, 357).

Fols. 1r–4r, antiphons for Easter week and the week after Pentecost.

[1r] et nescio ubi posuerunt eum ... [4r] ... caro mea est pro mundi uita. Alleluya. Alleluya. Magnificat.

Fol. 4v blank

Fols. 5r–v, 6r–10r, <hi rend="italic">tonarium</hi>, with seven Venite hymns

[5r] Venite exultemus domino ... [5v] ... in secula seculorum, Amen. [6r] Venite exultemus domino ... [6v] ... in secula seculorum, Amen. Venite exultemus ... [7r] ... et in secula seculorum, Amen. Venite exultemus ... [8r] ... et in secula seculorum, Amen. Venite exultemus ... [8v] in secula seculorum. Amen. Venite exultemus ... [9v] ... secula seculorum, Amen. Venite exultemus ... [10r] ... in secula seculorum, Amen.

Fols. 10r–45v, the sanctoral and temporal cycle from the feast of St Andrew to the feast of the Holy Cross.

[10r] In uigilia sancti Andree ad uesperas super psalmos. Unus ex duobus qui secuti ... [45r] ... In inuencione sancte crucix ad uesperas super psalmos antiphona. Responsorium per tuam. Crucem sanctam subiit ... [45v] ... Alleluya. Alleluya. Alleluya. Magnificat. Euouae.

Fols. 46r–55r, Responsories and antiphons for Holy Week.

[46r] Zelus domus tuae comedit me ... [55r] ... lamentabuntur fflentes dominum. Benedictus. Cercas totum ut in primis matutinis et sicut laus detur quia omnia sanctificetur in christo.

Fols. 55v–116r, sanctoral and temporal cycle from the feast of St Erik to the feast of St Katherine.

[55v] Hystoria de sancto erico. Assunt erici regis sollempnia ... [114r] ... In festo sancte katerine uirginis et martyris ad uesperas super psalmos antiphona. Virginis eximie katrine ... [116r] ... non deneges suffragia. Magnificat. Euouae.

Fols. 116r–130r, Commune sanctorum.

[116r] In communi unius apostolic uel plurimorum apostolorum et euangelistarum extra tempus paschae ad uesperas sicut psalmus hec sola antiphona dicatur. Estote fortes in bello ... [130r] ... obuiam sponso et sponse.

Fols. 130r–133v, office for St Birgitta.

[130r] Rosa rorans bonitatem, stella ... [133v] ... Ad magnificat ... celi ciuibus eius prece connectat. Magnificat.

Fols. 134r–137r, office for compassio Mariae(?)

[134r] Stabat uirgo dolorosa, mater christi generosa ... [137r] ... leticia. Alleluya. Magnificat’

Fols. 137r–144v, office for St Paul

[137r] De sancto paulo. Sancte paule apostole, predicator ueritatis et ... [144v] ... antecessores meos apostolos. Magnificat.

Fols. 144v–145r, hymns for the first, second, and third Sundays after the octave of Epiphany.

[144v] Dominica prima post octauam epyphanie. Peccata mea domine sicut sagitte ... [145r] ... fac deus tranquillitatem. Magnificat.

Fols. 145v–146v, hymn, Te deum .

[145v] Te deum laudamus te dominum ... [146v] ... non confundar in eternum. Amen.

Fol. 146v, in a hand of saec. XV, Mt. 7:15, 20–21.

[146v] Attendite a falsis prophetis ... sunt lupi rapaces. a fructibus eorum cognoscetis ... in regnum celorum.

Fols. 147v, in a hand of saec. XV, Doctor egregie Paule; and, in another, roughly contemporary hand, Ave stella matutina, both with notation. The latter antiphon is not known outside Birgittine Cantus sororum, while the first may relate to the use of the manuscript at Karjalohja chapel, possibly consecrated to St Paul (Taitto 1992, 357).

On. fol. 55r: ‘Cappan groo, iam pulsat monachus’.

 Paper i + 147 folios. 20,5 28,5 Written area varies: 15–17,5 × 20,5–24 Modern foliation in pencil in the upper right-hand corners of recto sides. 1A + II4 + (IX–3)19 + VI31 + VII45+ (VIII–1)60 + (X–1)79 + VI91 + VI103 + VI115 + VI127 + (X–2)(I139)147 i.e. the last quire encloses a bifolium, fols. 138–139; note that since the binding has not been opened, the structural analysis is to be treated with caution.

Given the variety of hands, the (dis)order of the contents and the (slightly) varying layout, it is possible that the manuscript is a collection of originally distinct parts.

The book is in fairly good condition, with some tearing to the pages. Vegetal remains between the pages and occasional imprints of leaves suggest that the book has at some point been used to press plants.

Based on an examination of the watermarks (which he reports rather perfunctorily) Taitto (1992, 355, 357) concludes that the book must have been produced after c. 1459.

 Ruled in ink; the number of lines, always in one column, varies (8-13).

Gothic cursive in possibly as many as nine different hands (I: fols. 1r–4v, 80r lines 10–12, 80v line 2 – 82r line 11, 82v lines 1–12, 83r lines 6–10, 83v–84r, 92r line 2 – 94r line 4, 94r line 10 – 94v line 7, 100v line 3 – 103v, 116v – 130r line 2 II: fol. 5; III: fols. 6–23r, 25r line 10, 27r line 9, 27v line 10 – 30r line 9, 30v line 4 – 31v line 10, 32r line 2 – 45v, 59r–60v, 75r lines 4–8, 75v line 1 – 76r line 8, 76v lines 1–9, 77r–80r line 9, 80v line 1, 82r lines 11–12, 82v line 12 – 83r line 5, 82v line 12, 83r 11–12, 84v–92r line 2, 94r line 9, 94v line 8 – 100v line 2, 104r–116r; IV: fols. 46r–55r; V: fols. 23v–25r line 9, 25v–27r line 9, 27v lines 1–9, 30r line 9 – 30v line 3, 31v line 10–32r line 1; VI: fols. 55v–58v, 61r–75r line 3, 75r line 9, 76r line 8, 76v line 10; VII: 130r line 3 – 137r line 4; VIII: 137r line 5 – 145r; IX: 145v–146v line 2). Differentiating between the hands is difficult, however, as scribe III, responsible for the bulk of the manuscript (and for rubrication in many places where a different hand has copied the text), frequently changed the cut of his pen and even on occasion wrote in a different script (see e.g. fol. 79v, two last lines). From this volatility it appears that the copying of the book may have taken place during a relatively long period of time.

 Decadent square notation on four black lines.

Red lombards for different hymns; pen-drawn sentence initials in ink, mostly touched with red, of varying quality and style. Different feasts marked by rubricated captions. Large two-coloured lombards for major feasts (fol. 40v, Easter).

The manuscript is bound but lacks covers. Material recovered from the fillings of the most recent covers are preserved separately (as Gu 1:3a). These indicate that they were not part of the original binding, but of a rebinding that took place in the eighteenth century or later. The edges of the text-block have been coloured red, probably on the occasion of that last rebinding.

An antiphonary (or parts of several) produced around the middle of the fifteenth century and donated by Jacobus Stephani of Tenhola to Karjalohja chapel. The book was apparently eagerly used in the chapel, as witnessed by additions made in the latter half of the fifteenth century and the start of the sixteenth.

Fol. 147v: ‘Istum librum allegauit dominus Jacobus Stephani de Tenala Capellam karis loya pro anima sua anno vero domini mcdlxvij pro quo est orandum’, and, in a slightly later hand ‘Huilken haffuer thenne buck slidit Pålue hwar een någle aff thann’. This Jacobus Stephani is not identified.

Fol. Av, in a saec. XVI hand: ‘Istae sunt fide iussores pro Magno ij Härawassa ad matrimonium Peder Jönsson ij Talffvela / Peder Lasse ibidem / Nils Magnus / Peder Nilsson ij Härawassa / Bertil Hauosso ij Lahelamme’. At least two of these villages (Härjänvatsa, Tallnäs/Talvela) were part of the parish of Karjalohja chapel (see Hausen 1920–1924, 269–270, 283–284).

Also on fol. Av, written at 180 degrees to the page, saec. XVII notes, probably for sermons, in Finnish.

Fol. 146v, in a saec. XVI–XVII hand, ‘Grels Thomasson’. Might this person be Gregorius Thomae Biornburgensis l. Arctopolitanus, headmaster of Pori school at least in 1628–1630 and curate in Pori and Ulvila from 1631 (d. 1662: Leinberg 1903, 46, 219, 274)?

The book was found in the early twentieth century in the archives of Turku Cathedral Chapter, which it had entered possibly as the result of the chapter’s request, c. 1826, that parishes send older materials for examination. These materials in some cases were returned to their parishes (this happened to the books from Tammela now in the library of Åbo Akademi), but at least some remained in Turku and survived the great fire that destroyed much of the city in 1827 (Schalin 1946, 6 n. 2, cites the circulars of the chapter, no. 237 of 5 November 1828, and no. 264 of 20 June 1833, which indicate that several manuscripts that had been sent to Turku as requested had not been collected and had become disordered in the fire, and were now kept in the archbishop’s household).

 J. Gummerus, ‘Eräs kirjalöytö Turun tuomiokapitulin arkistosta’, Suomen kirkkohistoriallisen seuran pöytäkirjat 10 (1910), 81–123, at 88–92. G. Hausen, Nylands ortnamn: deras former och förekomst till år 1600, 3 vols., Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, vols. 152, 160, 177, Helsingfors 1920–1924. K. G. Leinberg, Åbo stifts herdaminne 1554–1640 (Suomen kirkkohistoriallisen seuran toimituksia, vol. 5), Helsingfors 1903. I. Taitto, Documenta Gregoriana. Latinalaisen kirkkolaulun lähteitä Suomessa, Helsinki 1992, 355–372. Encoding added